دیکشنری تخصصی مهندسی نفت - نسخه آنلاین

n: a method of improved oil recovery in which chemicals dissolved in water are pumped into a reservoir through injection wells to mobilise oil left behind after primary or secondary recovery and to move it toward production wells. The chemical solution includes surfactants or surfactant-forming chemicals that reduce the interfacial and capillary forces between oil and water. releasing the oil and carrying it out of the pores where it has been trapped. The solution may also contain cosurfactants to match the viscosity of the solution to that of the oil to stabilise the solution and to prevent its adsorption by reservoir rock. An electrolyte is often added to aid in adjusting viscosity. Injection of the chemical solution is followed by a slug of water thickened with a polymer. which pushes the released oil through the reservoir. decreases the effective permeability of established channels so that new channels are opened. and serves as a mobility buffer between the chemical solution and the final injection of water.

cement with very small particle size.

n: a stable. translucent micellar emulsion of oil. one or more surface active agents. water. and sometimes an electrolyte. A microemulsion is classed as an emulsion because it is a mixture of immiscible substances (oil and water) and because it can have oil-in-water and waterin- oil phases. It can also have a phase in which neither oil nor water is dispersed. however, but are alternated in layers. A microemulsion has certain properties that are like a solution rather than an emulsion: it is optically clear rather than clouded. and it is stable, i.e.. the oil and water do not separate. Microemulsions are used for chemical flooding of reservoirs. See chemical flooding, emulsion. solution.

an emulsion with very tiny, highly dispersed bubbles. May be very stable and highly viscous when the internal phase is high (>75%).

microscopic living organisms such as protozoa, bacteria, viruses, algae and fungi.

a very smooth finish on the interior walls of a pipe to reduce friction during fluid flow.

n: heavy-duty paper perforated with several very small holes (pores). Folded in accordion pleats, micropore paper often serves as a secondary filter element in an engines fuel system. Fuel passes through the pores, while the unperforated part of the paper stops dirt. microresistivity log n: a resistivity logging tool consisting of a spring device and a pad. While the spring device holds the pad firmly against the borehole sidewall, electrodes in the pad measure resistivities in mud cake and nearby formation rock. See resistivity well logging.

a weak vibration of the ground that can be detected by seismographs and caused by wind, waves or human activity but not earthquakes.

n: taken on tanks that have a capacity larger than 1,000 barrels (159,000 titres) and that contain 10 feet (3 metres) or less of crude oil. One middle spot sample should be taken as near the centre of the vertical column of oil as possible.

the movement of fluids, generally away from a source rock through permeable layers towards a trap or vent.

n: a downhole tool with rough, sharp, extremely hard cutting surfaces for removing metal, packers. cement, sand, or scale by grinding or cutting. Mills are run on drill pipe or tubing to grind up debris in the hole, remove stuck portions of drill stem or sections of casing for sidetracking, and ream out tight spots in the casing. They are also called junk mills. reaming mills. and so forth, depending on their use. v: to use a mill to cut or grind metal objects that must be removed from a well.

n: a downhole tool with rough,sharp cutting surfaces for removing metal by grinding or cutting.

a cutting tool used to grind up metal, dress off a fish, or open up a window for a kick-off.